Egypt's Last Great Pharaoh-Ramses II

A documentary on Ramses II, also known as Ramses the Great, with some superb history. A must watch if you are looking for some good history on one of Egypt's most infamous rulers due to his achievements and political prowess.

Ramses II/Ramses the Great Documentary

This is a marvelous documentary on Ramses II and his life which was full of achievements, victory's, and building marvels. One video was unable to embed, so you will have to go to YouTube to watch it.





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Blue Crown

The Blue Crown, also known as the Khepresh, is seen from the 18th Dynasty onwards due to Ramses II wearing it into battle. Pharaohs were often shown depicted the Blue Crown as it became known as the War Crown. The Blue Crown was a tall flanged helmet that was adorned with golden discs and had with the Wadjet and Nekhbet on the brow. Below is a relief of Ramses II in his temple at Abydos.

Ramses II/Ramses the Great

Ramses II or Ramses the Great is the third pharaoh of the 19th dynasty. Often regarded as Egypt's greatest and most powerful pharaoh. He was one of Egypt's greatest warriors and peacemakers and made Egypt come to the height of her power. He created the model Egypt that anyone before or after could not replicate. According to some Egyptoligists and scholars Ramses II is believed to have been the Pharaoh of the Exodus. Ramses II was the first king in history to sign a peace treaty with his enemies, the Hittites, ending long years of wars and hostility.

Family

Ramses II was born to the principal wife Queen Tuy of the pharaoh Seti I. At 14 Ramses became Prince Regent by his father Seti I. In his early 20s became pharaoh and ruled Egypt for a total of 67 years by most records. This allowed him to be the second longest-ruling Pharaoh. Although Ramses II had a harem of wives, his favorite wife was Nefertari and it was presumed that he had over one hundred children with all his wives. Ramses II celebrated an unprecedented 14 sed festivals during his reign which was more than any other pharaoh. (The photo on the right is of a statue of Ramses II at Luxor)

Impacts

Ramses the Great built on a scale never before seen throughout Egypt and Nubia. He covered the land from the Delta into Nubia with buildings that no pharaoh had before done. He also founded the capital city of Pi- Ramses in the Delta which had previously served as a summer palace under Seti I. Ramses II built his magnificent moratorium temple the Ramesseum. His building was done on a scale unlike anything before. In Thebes, the ancient temples were transformed with each one of them reflecting honor to Ramses II as a symbol of this divine nature and power. When immortalizing himself into stone Ramses the Great insisted that his carvings were deeply engraved in the stone. This made them not only less susceptible to later alteration but also made them more prominent in the Egyptian sun, reflecting his relationship with the sun god, Ra. Among his other massive monuments is the complex of Abu Simbel which was carved out of sandstone facing east and the expansion of Luxor and Karnak. (The photo on the left is a picture of Abu Simbel)

Ramses II was a prolific ruler that fought to reclaim territory in Nubia and Western Asia. The Hittites and Asia Minor were his main opponents. As Pharaoh, he led a campaign known as the Battle of Kadesh where he tried to keep the newly acquired territory (modern day Syria) but lost the battle to the Hittites. Now seen as a standstill, Ramses II pulled back and Kadesh fell back into the hands of the Hittites. Later however, a treaty was signed, the territory divided, and Ramses II agreed to marry the daughter of the Hittite King. During his reign as Pharaoh, Ramses the Great attacked many of his enemies such as the Libyans, Nubians, and Syria.

Death

While his actual age upon is his in uncertain we do know he was in his 90s. He was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings and his body later moved to a royal cache where it was discovered in 1881. Ramses II's mummy is now on display in the Cairo Museum. His tomb was KV7 in the Valley of the Kings and now remains empty. After years or being looted and weathered, it remains destroyed. Great amounts of effort are in progress with the hope of returning the tomb to a somewhat presentable stage. His mummy was eventually sent to Paris and diagnosed and treated for a fungal infection. During the numerous tests and examinations, battle wounds, old fractures, arthritis, and poor circulation were all revealed. For the last decades of his life, Ramses the Great was essentially crippled with arthritis and walked with a hunched back. A significant hole in the Pharaoh's mandible was detected while "an abscess by his teeth was serious enough to have caused death by infection, although this cannot be determined with certainty." Tests of the roots of Ramses II's hair proved that the original color of the king's hair was once red. In ancient Egypt, people with red hair were associated with the god Seth, the slayer of Osiris.

The New Kingdom Period

At the end of the Second Intermediate Period the Theban rulers of Dynasty 17 drove out the Hyksos kings. This started the beginning of the Egyptian Empire, or the New Kingdom Period. Ranging from the 18th-20th dynasties it is perhaps the most famous of all the ages because of the kings it saw sit on the throne. The successors of Dynasty 17 conducted such military campaigns that they extended Egypt's influence in the Near East and established Egyptian control of Nubia to the fourth cataract. As a consequence, the pharaohs gathered unimaginable wealth which allowed them to reinstate themselves as gods and lavish wealth into the religious system.

Thebes remained a main cultural and religious center throughout the New Kingdom Period. It was here that the pharaohs built their mortuary temples and were laid to rest mass rock-cut tombs decorated with exquisite paintings and painted reliefs illustrating religious texts concerning the afterlife. Due to the growing demand of the new tombs a town was established near Thebes to the west for the workers who thrived off of the work of kings. Here at Deir el-Medina the workers left an unimaginable wealth of information about life in an ancient Egyptian community of artisans and craftsmen.

The New Kingdom Period is now known for the monumental architecture, estuaries honoring the gods and pharaohs, political stability, economic prosperity, and countless artistic masterpieces. This time also contained some of Egypt's most famous pharaohs including Ahmose I, Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Akhenaten and Tutankhamen. Queen Hatsheput is a legend who concentrated on expanding Egypt's external trade, Thutmose III was the Napoleon of Egypt who expanded Egypt's army and wielded it with great success, and King Tut is the mysterious boy king.

Next to Tutankhamen, Amenhotep IV is one of the most famous pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty. He is the one who changed his name to Akhenaten to establish the worship of the Aten and whose exclusive worship of the Aten is often interpreted as history's first instance of monotheism. (Biblical scholars disagree however) Due to his quick betrayal of the old ways of the Egyptian religion Akhenaten's religious fervor is one of the reason why he was subsequently written out of Egyptian history and most traces of him destroyed (or attempts at least).

Ramses II, the Great, ruled during the 19th Dynasty and he sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the 18th Dynasty lost due to Akhenaten's lack of interest outside of Egyptian borders. Ramses II is also famed for the large number of children he sired by his various wives and concubines. The mass funerary complex in the Valley of the Kings he built to house his family has proved to be the largest funerary complex in Egypt by far.

To close the New Kingdom Period, 20th dynasty pharaoh Ramses III was the last great king. In Year 8 of his reign, the Sea Peoples invaded Egypt by land and sea and Ramses III defeated them in world reknown battles. He claimed that he incorporated them as his subjects and settled them in Southern Canaan, although evidence suggests that they forced their way into Canaan. Cost to battles the Sea Peoples exhausted Egypt's treasury and aided in the gradual decline of the Egyptian Empire in abroad and at home. These difficulties were recorded with the first known labor strike in history occurring during Year 29 of Ramses III's reign. Food rations for royal tomb-builders and artisans in the village of Deir el Medina could not be provisioned and the people went on strike.

After Ramesses III's death the decline was quick and Egypt had seen its best years fly by as she headed again into a dark period, the Third Intermediate Period. As Egypt was beset by a series of droughts, below-normal flooding levels of the Nile, famine, civil unrest and official corruption she was done with the glory days.

18th Dynasty Rulers

Ahmose | c. 1550-1525 BC

Amenhotep I/Djeserkare | c. 1525-1504 BC

Thutmose I/Aakheperkare | c. 1504-1492 BC

Thutmose II | c .1492-1473 BC

Hatshepsut/Maatkare | c. 1473-1458 BC

Thutmose III/Menkheperre | c. 1458-1425 BC

Amenhotep II/Aaakheperure | c. 1427-1400 BC

Thutmose IV/Menkheperure | c. 1400-1390 BC

Amenhotep III/Nebmaatre | c. 1390-1352 BC

Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten/Neferkheperurawaenre | c. 1352-1336 BC

Neferneferuaten | c. 1336 BC

Tutankhaten/Tutankamen/Nebkheperure | c. 1336-1327 BC

Ay/Kheperkheperure | c. 1327-1323 BC

Horemheb/Djeserkheperure | c. 1323-1295 BC

19th Dynasty Rulers

Ramses I/Menpehtyre | c. 1295-1294 BC

Seti I/Menmaatre | c. 1294-1279 BC

Ramses II/Usermaatre Setepenre | c. 1279-1213 BC

Merenptah | c. 1213-1203 BC

Amenmessu | c. 1203-1200 BC

Sety II | c. 1200-1194 BC

Saptah | c. 1194-1188 BC

Tausret | c. 1188-1186 BC

20th Dynasty Rulers

Setnakht | c. 1186-1184 BC

Rameses III/Usermaatre Meryamun | c. 1184-1153 BC

Ramses IV | c. 1153-1147 BC

Ramses V | c. 1147-1143 BC

Ramses VI | c. 1143-1136 BC

Ramses VII | c. 1136-1129 BC

Ramses VIII | c. 1129-1126 BC

Ramses IX | c. 1126-1108 BC

Ramses X | c. 1108-1099 BC

Ramses XI | c. 1099-1069 BC